Reiser + Umemoto claim that meaning is established by historians and critics not by the designer, a notion which they share with Tafuri. It is not that they deny that architecture does have meaning, but they do not believe that that meaning can be established once and for all, and certainly not through semantic games in the design-process. They would rather suggest that all architecture always contain projections from its users and critics, which makes a design process based on this notion strongly reductive.